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desc=Smalltalk+is+a+dynamic+object-oriented%0D%0Alanguage+originally+designed+in+the+1970s.%0D%0AIt+was+originally+designed+as+an+experiment%2C%0D%0Abut+evolved+into+a+powerful%0D%0Aapplication+development+language.%0D%0A%3Cbr%3E%0D%0ASmalltalk+is+a+pure+object-oriented+language%3A%0D%0Aall+data+are+encapsulated+as+objects%2C+and+all%0D%0Aoperations+and+functions+are+performed+by%0D%0Asending+messages+to+objects.+%0D%0AAll+objects+inherit+from+an+%0D%0ASmalltalk%27s+programming+model+is+very+rich%0D%0Aand+mature%2C+supporting+inheritance%2C%0D%0Aabstract+data+types%2C+polymorphism%2C+automatic%0D%0Amemory+management+with+garbage+collected%2C%0D%0Adelegation%2C+reflection%2C+and+persistence.%0D%0A%3Cbr%3E%0D%0AUnlike+some+newer+OOP+languages%2C+Smalltalk%0D%0Ais+not+strongly+typed.++The+language%0D%0Atypically+does+not+enforce+type+constraints%2C%0D%0Aand+method+declarations+usually+do+not%0D%0Ainclude+type+declarations.%0D%0AFundamental+data+types+supported+by+the+%0D%0Alanguage+include%0D%0Aintegers%2C+reals%2C+strings%2C+booleans%2C+and%0D%0Aarrays.%0D%0AThe+standard+class+library+distributed+with%0D%0Aevery+Smalltalk+system+includes+a+wide%0D%0Avariety+of+%0D%0Acollection+classes+%28such+as+vectors%2C%0D%0Atrees%2C+hash+tables%2C+etc.%29%2C+stream-oriented%0D%0AI%2FO+facilities%2C+object+persistence+support%2C+and+%0D%0Agraphical+user+interface+classes.+%0D%0A%3Cbr%3E%0D%0AEarly+Smalltalk+implementation+were%0D%0Ainterpreted%2C+but+most+modern+implementations%0D%0Aemploy+translation+to+abstract+machine%0D%0Aintermediate+codes+and%2For+dynamic+native%0D%0Acompilation+%28so-called+%22Just-in-time%22+%0D%0Acode+generation%29.%0D%0A%3Cbr%3E%0D%0AAs+of+late+1997%2C+an+ANSI+standard+for%0D%0ASmalltalk+was+in+draft+form+under+the+J20%0D%0Acommittee.++The+final+standard+is+expected%0D%0Ain+late+1998.%0D%0A%3Cbr%3E%0D%0ASeveral+commercial+and+free+Smalltalk%0D%0Aimplementations+exist%2C+for+all+sorts%0D%0Aof+platforms.++On+of+the+more+popular%0D%0Afree+implementations%2C+for+Unix+systems%2C%0D%0Ais+GNU+Smalltalk.++IBM+and+ObjectShare+are%0D%0Athe+primary+commercial+Smalltalk+vendors.%0D%0AGood+information+and+documentation%0D%0Aabout+the+language%2C+as+well+as+free%0D%0Aclass+libraries+of+all+sorts%2C+can+be%0D%0Afound+on+the+web.
origin=Alan+Kay+and+Xerox+Software+Concepts+Group%2C+1972.
seealso=Simula%2C+Eiffel%2C+Lisp%2C+Objective-C%2C+Java%2C+C++
remark=Smalltalk+is+used+for+application+development%2C%0D%0Abut+it+has+also+been+used+to+teach+OOP%0D%0Aprinciples.++Unlike+C+++or+Java%2C+Smalltalk%0D%0Arepresents+everything+as+an+object%2C+making%0D%0Athe+language+much+more+consistent+in+its%0D%0Atreatment+of+data+aggregations.%0D%0A%3Cbr%3E%0D%0AWhile+the+Smalltalk+language+and+its+object%0D%0Amodel+were+very+influential%2C+its+run-time%0D%0Aenvironment+was+even+more+so.++Smalltalk%0D%0Awas+the+first+language+to+support+a+%0D%0Amulti-window+graphical+user+interface.%0D%0ALater+windowing+systems%2C+like+the%0D%0AXerox+Star%2C+the+Apple+Lisa+and+Macintosh%2C%0D%0Athe+X+Window+System%2C+and+Microsoft+Windows%0D%0Aall+took+ideas+%28and+sometimes+even%0D%0Apersonnel%29+from+the+Smalltalk+development%0D%0Aefforts.%0D%0A%3Cbr%3E%0D%0AThe+Smalltalk+GUI+uses+a+very+powerful+%0D%0Aconceptual+framework%3A+the+Model-View-Controller%0D%0A%28MVC%29+paradigm.+In+this+framework%2C+every%0D%0AGUI+element+has+a+model+that+holds+its%0D%0Adata%2C+a+view+that+draws+its+display%2C+and%0D%0Aa+controller+that+responds+to+activities%0D%0Aand+causes+the+object+to+react.++By+keeping%0D%0Athese+three+aspects+of+GUI+elements+separate%2C%0D%0ASmalltalk+allows+the+programmer+great%0D%0Aflexibility.++%28The+MVC+framework+was+also%0D%0Aemployed+in+the+NeXTStep+GUI%2C+which+was%0D%0Awritten+in+Objective-C.%29%0D%0A%3Cbr%3E%0D%0AThere+have+been+many+dialects+of+Smalltalk%2C%0D%0Asome+of+them+influential+enough+to+be+called%0D%0Ade-facto+standards%3A+Smalltalk-80%2C+Smalltalk%2FV%2C%0D%0Aand+others.++The+upcoming+ANSI+standard%0D%0Ashould+help+alleviate+the+problems+caused%0D%0Aby+differing+implementations.%0D%0A%3Cbr%3E%0D%0AA+free+academic+edition+of+Smalltalk%2C+ObjectShare%0D%0ASmalltalk+Express%2C+can+be+obtained%0D%0A%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.objectshare.com%2Fse%2Fseinfo.htm%22%3Ehere.%3C%2Fa%3E
links1=The+Smalltalk+Developer%27s+Site%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.smalltalk.net%2Fsmalltalk%2Fsmalltalk.html
links2=The+UIUC+Smalltalk+Archive%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fst-www.cs.uiuc.edu%2F
links3=An+On-line+textbook+about+Smalltalk%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.sra.co.jp%2Fpeople%2Faoki%2FSmalltalkTextbook%2F
links4=More+Smalltalk+resource+links%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.chisolutions.com%2Foo%2Fsmalltalk%2Fsmalltalk.html
links5=SQUEAK+Smalltalk+web+site%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.create.ucsb.edu%2Fsqueak%2F
date=Last+updated+6%2F19%2F98
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type=F+-+Functional+or+lambda-based
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type=D+-+Database+or+Text-processing
desc=SNOBOL+is+a+very+powerful+but+eccentric%0D%0Aprogramming+language+primarily+oriented%0D%0Atowards+string+data+handling.++Developed%0D%0Aas+a+research+project+at+Bell+Labs+1960-1962%2C%0D%0Ait+gained+a+small+but+loyal+following+and+%0D%0Ahas+enjoyed+modest+popularity+ever+since.%0D%0AThere+were+various+versions+of+SNOBOL%2C+but%0D%0Athe+main+one+was+and+is+SNOBOL4.%0D%0A%3Cbr%3E%0D%0AWhile+SNOBOL+offers+the+usualy+arithmetic%0D%0Aand+variable+assignments+of+conventional%0D%0Alanguages%2C+its%0D%0Aessence+is+string+pattern%0D%0Amatching.++The+language+syntax+supports%0D%0Aextremely+powerful+string+recognition%0D%0Aand+manipulation+constructs+that+allow%0D%0Amany+types+of+data+manipulation+to+be%0D%0Aexpressed+in+SNOBOL+very+concisely.+%0D%0A%3Cbr%3E%0D%0AControl+flow+in+SNOBOL+is+mostly+done+on%0D%0Athe+basis+of+string+matches+or+lack+%0D%0Athereof%2C+but+modularity+in+the+form+of%0D%0Asubroutines+is+also+part+of+the+language.%0D%0AData+types+offered+in+the+language+include%0D%0Astrings%2C+reals%2C+integers%2C+and+homogeneous%0D%0Aarrays.+%0D%0A%3CBR%3E%0D%0ASNOBOL4+is+wonderfully+documented+in+the+%0D%0A1971+book+%3Ci%3EThe+SNOBOL4+Programming+Language%2C+2nd+Edition%3C%2Fi%3E.%0D%0A
origin=Griswold+and+Faber%2C+Bell+Labs%2C+1962.
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links1=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsu.edu%2F%7Ejohnsone%2Fsnobook.html
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links3=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.cs.arizona.edu%2Fsnobol%2F
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sample=%3Cpre%3E%0D%0A%2A+Find+biggest+words+and+numbers+in+a+test+string%0D%0A%2A+%28from+Griswold%2CPoage%2C%26amp%3B+Polonsky%2C+1971%29%0D%0A+++++++++BIGP+%3D+%28%2AP+%24+TRY++%2AGT%28SIZE%28TRY%2CSIZE%28BIG%29%29%29+%24+BIG++FAIL%0D%0A++++++++++STR+%3D+%27IN+1964+NFL+ATTENDANCE+JUMPED+TO+4%2C807884%3B+%27%0D%0A++++++++++++++++%27AN+INCREASE+OF+401%2C810.%27%0D%0A+++++++++P+%3D+SPAN%28%270123456789%2C%27%29%0D%0A+++++++++BIG+%3D%0D%0A+++++++++STR++BIGP%0D%0A+++++++++OUTPUT+%3D+%27LONGEST+NUMBER+IS+%27+BIG%0D%0A+++++++++P+%3D+SPAN%28%27ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ%27%29%0D%0A+++++++++BIG+%3D%0D%0A+++++++++STR++BIGP%0D%0A+++++++++OUTPUT+%3D+%27LONGEST+WORD+IS+%27+BIG%0D%0AEND%0D%0A%3C%2Fpre%3E
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name=SPARCL
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type=V+-+Visual+or+graphical
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origin=L.+Spratt%2C+U.+of+Kansas%2C+1993.
seealso=SETL%2C+Forms%2F3%2C+Prolog%2C+CUBE
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date=Last+updated+8%2F8%2F98
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name=SPITBOL
nameURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snobol4.com%2F
see=SNOBOL
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type=D+-+Database+or+Text-processing
desc=SPITBOL+was+a+compiled+variant+of+%0D%0ASNOBOL%2C+available+for+DEC+computers+and%0D%0Asome+other+systems.++Later+marketed%0D%0Afor+UNIX+workstations+by+Catspaw%2C+Inc.
origin=Dewar+%3Ci%3Eet+al%3C%2Fi%3E%2C+1971.
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remark=SPITBOL+stands+for+%27SPeedy+ImplemenTation%0D%0Aof+snoBOL%27.
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